Measuring the Effects of Racism: Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Race-Based Traumatic Stress Injury

A large body of research has established a relationship between experiences of racial discrimination and adverse effects on mental and physical health. Robert T. Carter and Alex L. Pieterse offer a manual for mental health professionals on how to understand, assess, and treat the effects of racism as a psychological injury.
Robert T. Carter is professor emeritus of psychology and education at Teachers College, Columbia University. His books include Confronting Racism: Integrating Mental Health Research Into Legal Strategies and Reforms (2019).
Alex L. Pieterse is associate professor and director of doctoral training in the program of counseling psychology at the State University of New York at Albany. He also serves as a racial diversity consultant and practices as a licensed psychologist.